| Alternate Common Names |
N/A |
| U.S. Range in the Pacific Ocean |
Washington to Baja (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Habitat |
Often near mouths of streams and rivers
Can be found in estuaries
Prefers to be near rocks (Love 1996)
Bays and estuaries (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Substrate |
Soft bottom (Love 1996)
Sand (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Depth range (meters) |
Nearshore to 183 (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Behavior |
Active day and night
Move north during warm seasons (Love 1996) |
| General Temperature Range (°C) |
10–25 (Ehrlich et al. 1979 in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| General Salinity Range (ppt) |
N/A |
| Maximum Overall Recorded Size (cm) |
N/A |
| Maximum Recorded Size for Males (cm) |
N/A |
| Maximum Recorded Size for Females (cm) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum Overall Length (cm) |
152 (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983, Love 1996)
Usually over 61 (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Average Maximum Overall Length for Males (cm) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum Overall Length for Females (cm) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum weight (kg) |
33 (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983, Love 1996) |
| Average Maximum weight for Males (cm) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum weight for Females (cm) |
N/A |
| Length When Harvested (cm) |
Over 56 (Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Weight When Harvested (kg) |
At least 1.8 (Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Overall Length to Age Ratio (cm/age in years) |
17.8/1
55.9/4–5 (Love 1996) |
| Male Length to Age Ratio (cm/age in years) |
N/A |
| Female Length to Age Ratio (cm/age in years) |
N/A |
| Overall Maximum Age (years) |
30 (Love 1996) |
| Maximum Age for Males (years) |
N/A |
| Maximum Age for Females (years) |
N/A |
| Age when Harvested (years) |
N/A |
| Overall Growth Rate |
Females grow faster and larger than males (Love 1996)
3.8–8.8 cm per year (Frey 1971 in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Male Growth Rate |
N/A |
| Female Growth Rate |
N/A |
| Overall Age at Maturity (years) |
N/A |
| Male Age at Maturity (years) |
2 (50% mature)
3 (all mature) (Love 1996) |
| Female Age at Maturity (years) |
4–5 (most mature)
7 (all mature) (Love 1996) |
| Overall Length at Maturity (cm) |
N/A |
| Male Length at Maturity (cm) |
22.9 (50% mature)
33.0 (all mature) (Love 1996) |
| Female Length at Maturity (cm) |
48.3 (50% mature)
58.4 (all mature) (Love 1996) |
| Maturity/Temperature Relationship |
N/A |
| Type of Reproduction |
Gonochoristic, oviparous, iteroparous (Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Fecundity |
300,000–1,000,000 per day (Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Spawning Habitat |
Sand substrate (Ginsberg 1952 in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Spawning Behavior |
N/A |
| Time of Year of Spawning |
February–June (Love 1996)
Some spawn year-round (Ahlstrom and Moser 1975 in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Number of Spawns per season |
N/A |
| Spawning/Temperature Relationship (°C) |
N/A |
| Spawning/Salinity Relationship |
N/A |
| Description of Eggs |
N/A |
| Habitat where Eggs are found |
Pelagic (Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Days to Hatch |
2 at 16°C (Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Time of Year when Eggs Hatch |
N/A |
| Temperature for Egg Survival (°C) |
Hatched at 12.2, 16.1, 20
7.8 or 23.9 (no hatching) (Love 1996) |
| Salinity for Egg Survival (ppt) |
N/A |
| Predators on Eggs |
N/A |
| Habitat where Larvae are found |
Pelagic (Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Days in Larval Stage |
Less than 30 (Love 1996)
35–42 at 16°C (Gadomski and Petersen 1988 in Emmett et al. 1991)
20–29 at 18.3–21.9°C (Allen 1982 in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Temperature for Larval Survival (°C) |
N/A |
| Salinity for Larval Survival (ppt) |
N/A |
| Larval Food Preference |
Plankton (Frey 1971 in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Habitat where Juveniles are found |
Bays, occasionally open ocean
Open ocean by two years old (Love 1996)
Near surf zone (Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Length when Juvenile Settles out (cm) |
1.3 (Love 1996) |
| Temperature for Juvenile Survival (°C) |
N/A |
| Salinity for Juvenile Survival (ppt) |
N/A |
| Where and When Juvenile Feeds |
N/A |
| Juvenile Food Preference |
Crustaceans, Squids, Octopus, Fish (especially arrow gobies) (Frey 1971; Haaker 1975 both in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Habitat where Adults are found (depth in meters) |
Older individuals move to deeper water (Emmett et al. 1991)
6–40 (Ginsburg 1952 in Emmett et al. 1991)
Can be found down to 183 meters (Eschmeyer et al. 1983 in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Temperature for Adult Survival (°C) |
N/A |
| Salinity for Adult Survival (ppt) |
N/A |
| Adult Feeding Type |
N/A |
| Adult Food Preference |
Mostly Benthic feeder
Small individuals eat Bottom-dwelling invertebrates (Amphipods and Copepods)
Individuals around 25.4 cm eat mainly Mysid Shrimp
Larger individuals eat Squid, Fish (Anchovy), Octopi (Love 1996)
Fish, Squid (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Food Eaten in Laboratory Setting |
N/A |
| Amount of Food Eaten in Laboratory Setting |
N/A |
| Additional Laboratory Findings |
N/A |
| Environmental Considerations |
N/A |
| Commercial Fishery |
Large
Fishery has declined since 1920's (Love 1996)
Commercial fishery (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Market |
N/A |
| Sold Fresh or Frozen |
Fresh and some Frozen (Love 1996)
Recently selling live fish for twice as much as dead ones (Love 1996) |
| Style Species is Sold |
Fillets
Steaks (Love 1996) |
| Additional Use of the Species |
N/A |
| Shelf-life in Fresh State (days at 40°F) |
5 (Love 1996) |
| Shelf-life in Frozen State (months at 0°F) |
9 (Love 1996) |
| Shelf-life Canned (months) |
N/A |
| Weight sold in Oregon (kg) |
N/A |
| Ornamental Market |
N/A |
| Parasites or Disease |
N/A |
| Additional Remarks |
Largest Paralichthys species caught in U.S. water (Ginsburg 1952 in Emmett et al. 1991) |
| Location where Species has been Researched/Farmed |
Hubbs-SeaWorld, as well as other facilities have produced juveniles from eggs (Rust 2003)
University of California at Davis have been studying appropriate systems for culture of this species |
| Appropriate Aquaculture Systems |
N/A |
