| Alternate Common Names |
N/A |
| U.S. Range in the Pacific Ocean |
Alaska to Southern California (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Habitat |
N/A |
| Substrate |
Soft gravel (Love 1996) |
| Depth range (meters) |
12–549 (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Behavior |
School (Love 1996)
Live near bottom
Shallow water in spring
Deeper water in fall (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| General Temperature Range (°C) |
Less than 10 (Love 1996)
23 (Burgess et al. 1990) |
| General Salinity Range (ppt) |
N/A |
| Maximum Overall Recorded Size (cm) |
114.3 (Love 1996, Eschmeyer and Herald 1983)
100 (Burgess et al. 1990) |
| Maximum Recorded Size for Males (cm) |
N/A |
| Maximum Recorded Size for Females (cm) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum Overall Length (cm) |
48–49 cm fork length (Dunn and Matarese 1987 in Stickney et al. 1995) |
| Average Maximum Overall Length for Males (cm) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum Overall Length for Females (cm) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum weight (kg) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum weight for Males (cm) |
N/A |
| Average Maximum weight for Females (cm) |
N/A |
| Length When Harvested (cm) |
N/A |
| Weight When Harvested (kg) |
N/A |
| Overall Length to Age Ratio (cm/age in years) |
25.4/1
45.7–50.8/2 (Love 1996)
27/1
43.6/2
55.5/3
64.2/4 (Karp 1982 in Stickney et al. 1995)
|
| Male Length to Age Ratio (cm/age in years) |
N/A |
| Female Length to Age Ratio (cm/age in years) |
N/A |
| Overall Maximum Age (years) |
13 (Love 1996) |
| Maximum Age for Males (years) |
N/A |
| Maximum Age for Females (years) |
N/A |
| Age when Harvested (years) |
N/A |
| Overall Growth Rate |
N/A |
| Male Growth Rate |
N/A |
| Female Growth Rate |
N/A |
| Overall Age at Maturity (years) |
2–4 (Love 1996)
2–3 (Dunn and Matarese 1987 in Stickney et al. 1995) |
| Male Age at Maturity (years) |
N/A |
| Female Age at Maturity (years) |
N/A |
| Overall Length at Maturity (cm) |
N/A |
| Male Length at Maturity (cm) |
48.3–55.9 (50% mature) (Love 1996) |
| Female Length at Maturity (cm) |
55.9–58.4 (50% mature) (Love 1996) |
| Maturity/Temperature Relationship |
N/A |
| Type of Reproduction |
Oviparous (Love 1996) |
| Fecundity |
5,000,000 (Love 1996)
889,000–1,250-000 for 60 cm female (Dunn and Matarese 1987 in Stickney et al. 1995)
661,000 for 40 cm female
1,280,000 for 50 cm female
2,200,000 for 60 cm female (Karp 1982 in Stickney et al. 1995) |
| Spawning Habitat |
N/A |
| Spawning Behavior |
N/A |
| Time of Year of Spawning |
January–July (Love 1996) |
| Number of Spawns per season |
N/A |
| Spawning/Temperature Relationship (°C) |
N/A |
| Spawning/Salinity Relationship |
N/A |
| Description of Eggs |
Eggs are euryhaline, uryoxic, and stenothermal (Alderdice and Forrester 1971in Stickney et al. 1995)
1–1.2 mm in diameter (Alderdice and Forrester 1971 in Stickney et al. 1995) |
| Habitat where Eggs are found |
N/A |
| Days to Hatch |
8–28 (Love 1996) |
| Time of Year when Eggs Hatch |
N/A |
| Temperature for Egg Survival (°C) |
10+ (eggs may get damaged) (Love 1996)
Optimal 3–5°C (Alderdice and Forrester 1971in Stickney et al. 1995) |
| Salinity for Egg Survival (ppt) |
Hatching was optimized at 15 ppt salinity (Alderdice and Forrester 1971 in Stickney et al. 1995) |
| Predators on Eggs |
N/A |
| Habitat where Larvae are found |
N/A |
| Days in Larval Stage |
N/A |
| Temperature for Larval Survival (°C) |
N/A |
| Salinity for Larval Survival (ppt) |
N/A |
| Larval Food Preference |
N/A |
| Habitat where Juveniles are found |
Near surface (Love 1996) |
| Length when Juvenile Settles out (cm) |
N/A |
| Temperature for Juvenile Survival (°C) |
N/A |
| Salinity for Juvenile Survival (ppt) |
N/A |
| Where and When Juvenile Feeds |
N/A |
| Juvenile Food Preference |
N/A |
| Habitat where Adults are found (depth in meters) |
N/A |
| Temperature for Adult Survival (°C) |
Maintenance ration 11 cal/g/day at 4.5°C
12 cal/g/day at 6.5°C (Paul et al. 1990 in Stickney et al. 1995) |
| Salinity for Adult Survival (ppt) |
N/A |
| Adult Feeding Type |
N/A |
| Adult Food Preference |
Fish (Walleye Pollock, Herring, Sand Lance), Krill, Shrimp, Crabs (Love 1996)
Eat 180 different items
86–96% of diet was fish or decapods (Tokranov and Vinnikov 1991 in Stickney et al. 1995)
|
| Food Eaten in Laboratory Setting |
N/A |
| Amount of Food Eaten in Laboratory Setting |
N/A |
| Additional Laboratory Findings |
Dissolved oxygen minimum of 2–3 ppm (Alderdice and Forrester 1971in Stickney et al. 1995) |
| Environmental Considerations |
N/A |
| Commercial Fishery |
Major (Love 1996)
"Major commercial importance" (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983)
"…most important trawl-caught bottom fish off British Columbia (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983)." |
| Market |
N/A |
| Sold Fresh or Frozen |
Fresh or Frozen (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) |
| Style Species is Sold |
N/A |
| Additional Use of the Species |
N/A |
| Shelf-life in Fresh State (days at 40°F) |
N/A |
| Shelf-life in Frozen State (months at 0°F) |
N/A |
| Shelf-life Canned (months) |
N/A |
| Weight sold in Oregon (kg) |
N/A |
| Ornamental Market |
In aquarium guide (Burgess et al. 1990) |
| Parasites or Disease |
N/A |
| Additional Remarks |
Difficult to raise (Burgess et al. 1990) |
| Location where Species has been Researched/Farmed |
Northwest Fisheries Science Center is starting to work on raising broodstock of this species for enhancement purposes
Has been reared in Japan and Korea (Rust 2003) |
| Appropriate Aquaculture Systems |
N/A |
